Private

The level of organizational cohesion and complexity is necessary to consider industry partnerships The world is increasingly becoming a small global village. With this has come a serious competition as firms face off one another within the same market. In such a competitive market, it forces such a firm to come up with competitive strategies in order manage such competition. Partnerships form one of the most important strategies of managing such a competition.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Private-Public Sector Partnerships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Firms are coming together to form larger and more complex partnerships (Akintoye, 2008). In order to form a partnership, firms entering the partnership must have a legally binding cohesive factor that none of them can contravene. The cohesive factor should be intertwined in the overall goal that all the partners are seeking to achieve. It is important to ensure that when determining the cohesiveness of the partners, the bar should not be set in a way that others will consider it as a punitive process. Each of the partners should appreciate that there is a shared goal and that for this to be a success such a binding factor should be determined in order to avoid any form of misunderstanding. It is also important to determine organizational complexity. According to Yescombe (2007), organizational complexity can be looked at from various fronts. When forming partnerships, it is always imperative to ensure that all the involved parties have an understanding of the organizational complexity of each member. The complexity should be ‘simple’ enough to be understood by all the parties. This is important because when not all the partners understand the organizational structure of the other party, it becomes easy to have cases where one acts in contrary to the principles of the other. The partners should not be too complex to be understood by others. On the other hand, such an organization should not be too simple in its structure that it creates the perception that it lacks a clear proper focus (Yong, 2010). All the important structure of the organization should be clearly defined, with a clear definition of how they relate, and how they help achieve the overall organizational goals. This way, each partner will come into the partnership with a clear understanding of the other partners, and all the structures that are being brought into the partnership. How partnerships affect organizational performance Entering partnerships will have a direct effect on the performance of a firm. According to Urio (2010), when a firm operates independently as a unit, it will be liable to all the actions taken in the day-to-day activities of the firm. This will change when such a firm joins hands with other firms to form a unit.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effect of partnership on the performance of an organization will vary depending on the terms of the partnership and the overall goal set to be achieved in the partnership. according to Kellerman (2009), there are some cases where organizations come together to form an umbrella that represents their mutual interest but leaves room for individual firm to determine how it wishes to operate. Such a partnership may not have serious effects on the organization (Grimsey Lewis, 2007). This scholar says that when a partnership has a limited authority over the general management of individual member firm, then every organization will be responsible for its performance. In most partnerships, individual organization would be bound to operate within the confines of the law set within the partnership. The senior officials of the partnership would make every strategic decision, and if a firm were to come up with a strategy that is new, the app roval of these top officials would be needed. Such partnership would have heavy effect on the partners. The effect can be either positive or negative, depending on a number of factors. Positive Effects Partnerships have become very common in the near past. Organizations are forming partnerships, especially when they have similar interests in the market. This can only mean that it has a number of positive effects. The following are some of the benefits of partnerships. When in partnerships, firms get opportunity to share a number of challenges that face the industry. When working as a large unit, it becomes very easy to take care of such challenges as increasingly power of the supplier. In the current market, suppliers are becoming very powerful. With a powerful supplier, firms get to suffer because the supplier would dictate the price to sell their products. When working as a team, it gives individual members of the organization, through the partnership, power to control the supplie rs (Geddes, 2005). They will be speaking with one voice when handling suppliers and this will increase their individual profitability.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Private-Public Sector Partnerships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Partnerships also create monopoly in the market when dealing with customers. Customers in the contemporary market have become increasingly complex. They are very demanding, and individual members of the organization always go extra miles in order to satisfy them. This may involve engaging in acts that may lead to reduced profits or even loss to the firm. When these individual firms form a unit in the market, they will have a stronger bargaining power in the market. They will dictate the price at which their products should be sold (Hodge Boardman, 2010). This may not necessarily mean that they will have power to frustrate their customers. On the contrary, they will be forming a unit to serve them better, but in a way that will be avoiding any frustrations that may come from a section of the customers. Partnerships may also improve the performance of the organizations because of a joined effort. When these organizations come together, they get the opportunity to share their resources in a manner that will enhance their performance. The partnership will have increased financial power. This would mean that the firm would be in a position to generate all the needed finance internally without the need to source for it from such institution as commercial banks, which come with interests. This avoidance of the fine would increase the profitability of the firm (Pattberg, 2012). It is also important to note that in partnerships, individual partners always come to the partnership with different skills and expertise. When such experiences are shared, the organization will emerge stronger and better positioned to meet market challenges. Negative Effects Although pa rtnerships come with a number of advantages to the members, it has a number of negative effects that it carries with it. The first negative consequence of such partnerships is the increased duration of making decision. Unlike when operating individually, making decision in partnerships always take very long time because of the consultative nature of the process.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different partners will have to be consulted in order to come up with a decision that is mutually accepted. This process is very tedious and time consuming (Hodge, 2005). In some of the cases, an opportunity may pass by without being tapped because the decision-making unit did not agree on the approach to be taken, or it took too long to reach a consensus. In other cases, what one member of the partnership prefers in not what another prefers. This leads to compromises among the members where a group will feel obliged to take actions some of which may be against their principles. Partnerships exist because of the value driven from them. From partnerships, organizations get to benefit from a number of fronts. There will be financial benefits from such organizations. Other than the direct financial benefits as discussed above, there is the cost sharing of some activities within the partnership. For instance, a firm may need to outsource IT services. This may be a costly venture, especi ally if the services to be outsourced are expensive. However, when in a partnership, members of the partnership will be called upon to share the costs, reducing the weight that would have been felt by an individual firm (Endicott, 1993). When operating as a single unit within the partnership, costs of expansion projects will be shared by the members as this will also offer financial relief to individual member of the organization. Partnerships also help in handling the market issues. The market is varied as individuals within the society are. However, firms always categorize the market into three main segments based on the income. There is always the low class with limited purchasing power. There is the middle class with a higher purchasing power but not as high as that of the high class. Then the last class is made up of the rich. Each of these three classes has characteristics distinct to itself. Targeting all the three market segments at a time may be very challenging. When in pa rtnerships, this challenge can easily be eliminated because each partner can be instructed to target a specific market segment. The segmentation can be done further based on gender and age, and depending on the number of partners, each segment can be assigned to an individual partner. This creates a situation where the presence of this firm is felt in every segment of the market. This will also reduce time taken by the organization to reach the market with its products. Each department will have a clear focus of the market segment targeted, and they will always be responsible for coming up with strategies to ensure speedy introduction of the firm’s product into the market. A partnership also increases the availability of vital information within the partnership and with customers. Customers need constant information, especially about new products or on how to use products they buy (Levy, 2011). To help disseminate such information, there is need to ensure that there is increa sed labor force that will be assigned such duties. This is what partnership offers. The large workforce can be assigned to take care of the customers. Such a workforce will also work well in ensuring that there is coordination among various departments. References Akintoye, A. (2008). Public-Private Partnerships: Managing Risks and Opportunities. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Endicott, E. (1993). Land conservation through public/private partnerships. Washington: Island Press. Geddes, M. (2005). Making public private partnerships work: Building relationships and understanding cultures. Burlington: Gower. Grimsey, D., Lewis, M. K. (2007). Public private partnerships: The worldwide revolution in infrastructure provision and project finance. Cheltenham: Elgar. Hodge, G. (2005). The challenge of public private partnerships: Learning from international experience. Cheltenham: Elgar. Hodge, G., Boardman, A. (2010). International handbook on public-private partnerships. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Kellerman, L. (2009). Public-private partnerships. New York: Nova Science. Levy, S. (2011). Public-private partnerships: Case studies on infrastructure development. Reston: ASCE Press. Pattberg, P. (2012). Public-private partnerships for sustainable development: Emergence, influence and legitimacy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Urio, P. (2010). Public-private partnerships: Success and failure factors for in-transition countries. Lanham: University Press of America. Yescombe, E. (2007). Public-private partnerships: Principles of policy and finance. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Yong, H. (2010). Public-private partnerships policy and practice: A reference guide. London: Commonwealth Secretarial. This coursework on Private-Public Sector Partnerships was written and submitted by user Shaniya O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using a Real Estate College Essay Sample

Using a Real Estate College Essay SampleWhen writing a real estate college admissions essay, you can use a real estate comparison sample essay as a guide. A comparison sample essay is a general idea that will help you create a successful essay. This article will discuss the different steps involved in creating this essay.It is not necessary that you write the entire essay about real estate. A real estate expert might suggest that you consider one specific topic for your essay. However, you will want to be sure that you get every idea out on the table. Here are a few ideas that might help you:It is important to remember that not every topic on your paper needs to be related to real estate. You should choose topics that are interesting and useful. A useful idea might be something like:It is very easy to slip into the rambling style of an essay. However, this will quickly lead to mistakes. Therefore, it is important to think about each paragraph carefully and proofread the document befo re submitting it to your university.You want to make sure that your student knows exactly what you expect him or her to do. For example, if you provide some examples of previous projects that a student might have handled, it will be much easier to get the student to share something about his or her own experiences. Here are a few examples of topics that can be used to help students relate their projects:On exam day, the focus of the examination is on the difficulty of the subject, not on how well the student did on the exam. It is important that you do not focus on any personal accomplishments. Focus instead on the effectiveness of the written assignment.It can be tempting to include a large section of facts about yourself in the beginning of your essay. However, it is important to keep it brief and to emphasize your relationship with the college. You should also remember that no one wants to read about the student's favorite band or favorite television show.In summary, you should b e sure to follow the guidelines for writing a real estate college essay. These tips can help you organize your essay and build the topics around which you will write the most compelling part of your essay. By following these tips, you can achieve a well-written real estate college essay that will stand out from all of the others in your class.

frog populations

Over the past few years there has been a decline in frog populations. Only now are people starting to care about whats going on. You may be surprised, but there really are many reasons to save this special species. But before we can save them we need to understand more about them, and what the cause of their depletion at such an alarming rate is. Some people may ask Who cares about frogs? Well, one of the reasons is that they are an important part of our ecology. They prey on insects and other pests, keeping them from overpopulating and ruining various habitats. They are also an important source of food to other animals such as birds, snakes, and other mammals. If you take them out of the food chain you could cause serious imbalance in the ecosystem and therefore cause the decline in other populations of other organisms. This circle of life is precious and fragile, and must be preserved. It has been said that frogs are a measure of the environments health. Frogs are natural survivors. They lived through the last two extinction episodes including, the end of the dinosaur era. So something is terribly wrong for them to be dying off now. It is similar to the practice of keeping canaries in a mineshaft. If the shaft or world starts getting polluted then the canaries or frogs will start dying off, therefore sen! ding a warning signal. Like a shock wave it will ripple across the world leaving a disturbance throughout its path. Whos to say that we might someday be next (Gibbons 1)? Another reason to care for frogs is for biomedical research. Just like lab rats, they are tested for the use of many chemicals, disease research, and plain anatomy and physiology lessons, not to mention to gain knowledge of their population decline. If they were to suddenly vanish, we would not be completely sure of the cause. Hopefully, we can find out the reasons why theyre dying. Maybe then we ca...

The impact of technology on today's lifestyle Essay

The impact of technology on today's lifestyle - Essay Example Moreover, a sociological increase into the way in which technology has shifted interpersonal dynamics, relationships, and communication has been conducted by a variety of researchers and convincingly pointed to the fact that the current era of texting, instant messaging, Facebook et al has significantly decreased the amount of time that individuals spend in face-to-face communication and has moved society convincingly towards something of a more introverted nature. Although introversion in and of itself is not necessarily a poor character trait, it must be noted that the overuse and reliance upon these technological tools which have already been discussed has created a dynamic by which formerly extroverted individuals are merely introverted and carrying out a great deal of interpersonal communication that one might otherwise carry out face-to-face via the Internet or other technologically enabled means. However, communication is not the only thing that suffers from an overdependence upon technology. As will be discussed next, memory recall and the perennial knowledge that any and all information can be readily retrieved has created a situation in which memory and the ability to recall tidbits of information are placed at a much lower premium than they might have been in an era in which the likes of Google or other prominent technological means by which data can be retrieved had existed. As can be seen, there is something to be said for the amount of memory recall that individual can possess and leverage as a means of readily interjecting key understandings and tidbits of fact, data, and history into conversations and pertinent situations. However, with an overdependence upon technology has, situation in which individuals have placed this premium of memory and recall far down on the list of priorities; choosing instead to merely

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Art - Essay Example All of these very fascinating questions are best answered by looking at what society considers â€Å"significant† or â€Å"beautiful†. From these examples, one might be able to find common characteristics between them and maybe empirically approach a theory of the good in art. This all presupposes, however, that there are objective characteristics that one can isolate and call â€Å"art† or â€Å"beauty†. It very well may be that all art and all beauty are subjective in the sense that they are nothing separate from the object placed next to the art exhibit by chance. Regardless, assuming there is some objective nature to art and beauty, there are theories of what it means for an object to be considered art. However, none of these theories seems to be sufficient to explain exactly what separates the art exhibit from the other object. An art object is an aesthetic object is designed specifically for aesthetic appeal. The question is why do human beings take the time and resources to create the aesthetically appealing art object. One way to answer this is by saying that art fulfils a basic human necessity: an instinct that requires rhythm, balance, harmony, melody, and other things from our natural existence. As an illustration of this view, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle once wrote that art is a representation of reality. Because nature is full of change, decay, and growth, nothing remains completely constant. However, art has the ability to stand the test of time, and communicate universal themes of human life long after the artist and the society in which it was created has fallen away. Aristotle wrote, â€Å"Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry† (Aristotle). For instance, art made long ago by ancient peoples in the Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc, representations of rhinoceroses and other objects significant to the lives of the people who lived at that time. Although the creators of the art may have had a certain social intention in creating the representations, this psychological intuition about the purpose of art suggests that they had a basic human instinct in seeking rhythm and harmony in nature. In the works of Vermeer in particular, we see representations of daily life throughout his galleries. However, there are obvious perfections in the way that Vermeer presented these time capsules of life in 17th century Holland. For instance, Vermeer produced transparent colors by applying paint in loosely granular layers. This technique, among many, set Vermeer apart from his contemporaries because it made his artworks a perfect aesthetic representation. Because people seek art for its harmony and rhythm, they expect it to be more perfect than natur e itself, according to this theory of the purpose of art. Representation as the goal of art is a provocative theory. Another notion of art’s purpose comes from other well-known aesthetic philosophers who thought of art more as an expression of imagination than as an unconscious instinct or desire. Under this different conception,

Shouldice hospital Essay Example for Free

Shouldice hospital Essay Executive Summary: The Shouldice Hospital, Ontario, Canada is a pioneer in the field of treating patients suffering from external abdominal hernia. The speedy ambulation coupled with its reasonable price rates leads to satisfied patients publicizing the hospital by word of mouth. The issues that confront the hospital management are:  ·Deciding on ways to meet the backlog of operations, by expanding the hospitals capacity, while still maintaining control over the overall quality of service delivered.  ·Handling piracy and bad mouthing due to piracy.  ·Selection of the next chief surgeon after Dr.Obney. After analyzing various plans of actions, it is proposed that the capacity of the hospital be increased by scheduling the operations on Saturdays also. At the same time a successor to Dr. Obney must also be selected. This solution seems like the most feasible in terms of cost and time and also leverages the existing strength of the hospital in providing quality services to the patients. To implement the solution discussed above, first of all, awareness must be created among all the employees by means of workshops etc., about the urgent need for such a step to expand capacity. The selection of the new chief surgeon must be done by carefully scrutinizing all the surgeons in the hospital as well as interviewing new candidates for the same. The administrative processes in the hospital must be made computerized to improve their efficiency. Proper training for using them must also be imparted to the employees. If it is not possible to increase capacity beyond a certain limit due to the above plan and the backlog list continues to expand, then opening an additional facility in some other geographical location, such as the US of A may be considered. Situational Analysis and Problem Definition: The Shouldice Hospital, Ontario, Canada is a pioneer in the field of treating patients suffering from external abdominal hernia. With its current capacity, it can treat 6850 patients annually. The patients are treated using the operated upon using the Shouldice Method, and on an average each patient has to spend four days in the hospital recuperating. The USP of the Shouldice Hospital is its distinct surgical procedure. The speedy ambulation coupled with its reasonable price rates leads to satisfied patients publicizing the hospital by word of mouth. The hospital is having a successful run as a niche player catering to the demand for treatment of hernia patients. In spite of this, there is a huge backlog that the hospital needs to meet. Because of an increasing backlog, patients tend to go to other doctors for operations. The issues that confront the hospital management can be primarily listed as follows:  ·Deciding on ways to meet the backlog of operations, by expanding the hospitals capacity, while still maintaining control over the overall quality of service delivered. The primary issue here is deciding on the manner in which the capacity should be increased without diluting the quality of service rendered.  ·The issue of piracy and bad mouthing due to piracy are also important concerns for the hospital. Many clinics or doctors claim to use the Shouldice technique or the Canadian method and in the eventuality of the operation performed by them being unsuccessful it brings a bad name to the  Shouldice Hospital.  ·The next chief surgeon after Dr.Obney, who is due to retire soon, has to be selected. At the same time, retaining the existing talent pool of doctors and attracting newer doctors willing to learn the specialized hernia operations skill is also a primary issue. Long Term and Short Term Objectives: Short term: -To clear the backlog by increasing capacity of the hospital services. -To select a successor for Dr. Obney, the chief surgeon who is to retire soon. Long term: -To sustain quality in their services, ensuring good patient experience. -To remain the leader in the medical field of hernia operations. -To maintain the brand equity associated with the specialized technique of Shouldice Method for performing hernia operations. -To ensure working towards goal of profitability while at the same time serving the society by passing on the proper knowledge of the Shouldice technique to other surgeons. Evaluation Criteria: -Whatever step is taken, it must ensure that there is no dilution in the quality of the services rendered by the hospital. -The action plan implemented must adhere to the government regulations regarding the profitability of hospitals. -The solution implemented must be economically viable. Hence any step taken must be cost effective. -There is an atmosphere of concern for the employees in the hospital. The decision with regard to the issues at hand must ensure that the employees are receptive in accepting that decision. -The existing strengths of the hospital setup must be leveraged in any decision taken. -Also because of the increasing wait lists of patients to be attended to, it must be ensured that the plans be implemented as swiftly as possible. Alternatives: 1.Capacity of the hospital could be expanded by scheduling operations on Saturdays also, leading to a 20% increase in existing capacity. 2.An additional floor of rooms could be added to the hospital, with an investment of $2 million and permission from the provincial government. This would expand the number of beds by 50% and result in scheduling the operation rooms more heavily. 3.Expansion into other geographical locations such as the United States could be undertaken. For having a quality level in the new facility equivalent to that as in the current Hospital facility at Canada, one option maybe to transfer 6 of the 12 specialized surgeons to the new facility. Also diversification into other related medical fields of surgery such as eye surgery, varicose veins, and hemorrhoids is possible. 4.Another alternative could be scheduling operations at other times during the day too, by utilizing the capacity of the operation theatres to the optimum level. This can be implemented by having doctors and other medical staff to work in shifts. 5.The successor to Dr. Obney as Chief Surgeon has to be selected. The selection of such a candidate should preferably be done among the existing doctors in the hospital. In case a specialized doctor from outside is appointed, proper induction to acquaint the existing surgeons must be carried out. 6.Currently the hospitals services are not being marketed. Plans to adequately market them in order to create awareness of the genuine Shouldice method of surgery should be undertaken. This would also aid in protecting against privacy to an extent. Evaluation of alternatives: 1.Increasing the capacity by scheduling Saturday operations is a swift and cost effective solution (See exhibit 2 and 3). No additional capital expenditures need to be incurred to carry out this plan. It does not violate any government regulations and at the same time also leverages the existing strength of the hospital in rendering high quality services to the patients. However, some employees seem to have some reservations about operations on Saturday. 2.This plan involves an additional capital expenditure of $ 2 million. While this would lead to an increase in capacity of the number of beds by 50%, but it would also require additional well qualified surgeons who will be able to carry on the quality tradition at the Shouldice Hospital. Also this solution would take some time to implement. 3.The plan of expanding the capacity by moving into another geographical segment such as the United States, involves extensive capital expenditure in setting up a new facility. Also by dividing half of the specialized staff into the two respective facilities, the quality levels may not remain same for the initial span of time. Since we are looking at the United States as an alternate the government regulations of Canada would not be applicable. This plan would be beneficial in meeting the demand in the US of A of the  42% American patients of the Shouldice Hospital. By diversifying into other medical fields of surgery, the low cost and high quality advantage, which the Shouldice Hospital currently enjoys, will be diluted. Currently the patients are made to become self sufficient soon after the operation. 4.By implementing the shift system, the existing strengths of the hospital will be leveraged. This is similar to the plan 1 in terms of the expenditure involved and the time frame being talked of. However, under the given case facts, the employees might resent this move of working in extra shifts during the day. 5.The selection of a successor to Dr. Obney is a step that must be taken soon, in conjunction with any of the above plans chosen. 6.Marketing the services of the hospital, though would lead to an increased awareness of the authenticity of the Shouldice method, while exposing the piracy in the method, but at the same time it will also lead to an increased number of patients wanting to come to the hospital. The backlog list would continue to increase. Recommended Solution: After analyzing all the alternatives I would propose a combination of plans 1 and 5 to be implemented. The operations should be scheduled on Saturdays also (see Exhibit 1). At the same time a successor to Dr. Obney must also be selected. This solution seems like the most feasible in terms of cost (see Exhibit 2 and 3) and time and also leverages the existing strength of the hospital in providing quality services to the patients. Plan of Action: To implement the solution discussed above, first of all, awareness must be created among all the employees about the urgent need for such a step to expand capacity. Workshops for the same will help dispel any fears in the minds of the existing staff. The selection of the new chief surgeon must be  done by carefully scrutinizing all the surgeons in the hospital as well as interviewing new candidates for the same. The administrative processes in the hospital must be made computerized to improve their efficiency. Proper training for using them must also be imparted to the employees. Contingency Plan: If it is not possible to increase capacity beyond a certain limit due to the above plan and the backlog list continues to expand, then plan 3 may be considered. This would need some capital expenditure but at the same time will help us expand our capacity into another geographical location, i.e., the USA. Information Adequacy Issues: There is insufficient amount of information given in the case about the internal dynamics of the hospital vis a vis the issue of the successor to Dr. Obney. Also no information is forthcoming about the market status of other hospitals, that is whether they are open on Saturdays or not. This bit of information is likely to hasten our decision making process.

The Strain of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Annie John Essay

The Strain of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Annie John Jamaica Kincaid accurately portrays how adolescence can strain mother- daughter relationships. The mother- daughter relationships are universal but "it is not clear why we avoid the topic"(Gerd). The father- daughter relationships and the mother- sons relationships are the issues mostly talked about. In Jamaica Kincaid's novel, Annie John, she explains and gives insight into mother- daughter relationships. In Annie John, there are events that make people think about their relationship with their own mother. Kincaid expresses this relationship through her main character Annie who tries to find her own identity. The relationship between Annie and her mother (also called Annie) was very strong and they do a lot of things together. By the time Annie turns twelve, she starts to go through some changes which many teenagers normally goes through. In order for Annie to mature and prepare for the world, Annie's mother told her to find her own way of life. Due to these new changes, the relationship between Annie and her mother begins to degenerate. Annie now did things her mother disapproved of. At the end of the story, their relationship was okay but not as strong as it was before. After reading this book I saw that the main issue discussed in her novel, is all the stages mother- daughter relationships go through. The mother- daughter relationships are intense relationships. This is a relationship most daughters have with their mother from birth. Both male and female children are attached to their mother from birth, but most male child quickly grows out of it. The daughter is so attached to the mother in a complex way in whic... ... Louis F. Caton. "Romantic Struggles: The Bildungsroman and Mother- Daughter Bonding in Jamaica Kincaid's Annie John." Melus. vol. 21, No.3. Fall 1996. 125-42. Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Nagel, James. "Desperate Hopes, Desperate Lives: Depression and Self Realization in Jamaica Kincaid's Annie John and Lucy." Traditions, Voices, and Dreams: The American Novel Since the 1960s. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman and Ben Siegel. U. of Delaware P, 1995, 237-53. Rpt. in Novels for Students. vol. 3. Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Phyllis NCTU. "The Images in Annie John." 4 May 2000. 10 Dec. 2000. William M. Smith. "Annie's Mother and "Mary": Motherhood in Various Literary Forms." 26 July 1999. 15 Dec. 2000.